New problems of a new health system: the creation of a national public policy of rare diseases care in Brazil (1990s-2010s). / Nuevos problemas de un nuevo sistema de salud: la creación de una política pública nacional de atención de enfermedades raras en Brasil (1990-2014).

This study discusses actors and institution movements leading to the disclosure in 2014 of Resolution 199 by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which establishes the National Policy for the Comprehensive Care of Persons with Rare Diseases. Taking as sources the mainstream newspapers, drafts law, and secondary literature on the subject, we begin our analysis in the early 1990s when the first patient associations were created in Brazil - mainly for claiming more funds for research on genetic diseases - and arrive at the late 2010s when negotiations for a national policy are taking place in the National Congress. Resolution 199 is part of an ongoing process and the path towards its disclosure and the complications that followed have given us elements to discuss contemporary aspects of the Brazilian public health. Based on the references of the history of the present time and the social studies of science, we argue that two aspects have been fundamental to creating a national policy: framing different illnesses within the terminology "rare diseases" and the construction of a public perception about the right of health which is guaranteed by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution.

En este trabajo se analizan los movimientos de actores e instituciones que llevaron a la promulgación, en 2014, de la Resolución 199 del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, que establece la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a las Personas con Enfermedades Raras. Tomando como fuentes los principales periódicos, proyectos de ley y bibliografía secundaria sobre el tema, comenzamos nuestro análisis a principios de la década de 1990 con la creación de las primeras asociaciones de pacientes en Brasil, para reclamar fundamentalmente más fondos para la investigación de enfermedades genéticas, y llegamos a fines de la década de 2010 con las negociaciones para una política nacional. La Resolución 199 es parte de un proceso en curso, en el que el camino hacia la promulgación y las complicaciones posteriores nos dan elementos para discutir aspectos actuales de la salud pública brasileña. Sobre la base de la historia del tiempo presente y los estudios sociales de la ciencia, argumentamos que hay dos aspectos que han sido fundamentales para crear una política nacional: enmarcar diferentes enfermedades en la terminología "enfermedades raras" y la construcción de una percepción pública sobre el derecho a la salud, que se garantiza en la Constitución brasileña de 1988.

Exploring Current Evidence on the Past, the Present, and the Future of the Heart Team: A Narrative Review.

INTRODUCTION: Including healthcare professionals dealing with cardiovascular diseases, Heart Team is a concept/structure designed for selecting diagnostic strategies, facilitating therapeutic decisions, and improving cardiovascular outcomes in patients with complex heart pathologies, requiring input from different subspecialties and the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach. The aim of this narrative review is to search for and to summarize current evidence regarding Heart Team and to underline the future directions for the development of this concept. METHODS: We searched the electronic database of PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane CENTRAL for studies including Heart Team. Forty-eight studies were included, if reference was made to Heart Team structure and functionality. RESULTS: We depicted the structure and the timeline of Heart Team, along with actual evidence-based recommendations from European Guidelines. We underlined the importance of quality of knowledge-sharing and decision-making inside the Team, analyzing bad decisions which did not reflect members' true beliefs due to "uniformity pressure, closed mindedness, and illusion of invulnerability." The observation that Guidelines' indications regarding Heart Team carry a level C indication underlines the very future of this Team: randomized controlled trials proving solid benefits in an evidence-based world. CONCLUSIONS: Envisioned as a tool for optimizing the management of various complex cardiovascular pathologies, Heart Team should simplify and facilitate the activity in the cardiovascular ward. Finally, these facts should be translated into better cardiovascular outcomes and a lower psychological distress among Team participants. Despite all future changes, there must always be a constant part: the patient should remain at the very center of the Team.

Nuevos problemas de un nuevo sistema de salud: la creación de una política pública nacional de atención de enfermedades raras en Brasil (1990-2014) / New problems of a new health system: the creation of a national public policy of rare diseases care in Brazil (1990s-2010s)

RESUMEN En este trabajo se analizan los movimientos de actores e instituciones que llevaron a la promulgación, en 2014, de la Resolución 199 del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, que establece la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a las Personas con Enfermedades Raras. Tomando como fuentes los principales periódicos, proyectos de ley y bibliografía secundaria sobre el tema, comenzamos nuestro análisis a principios de la década de 1990 con la creación de las primeras asociaciones de pacientes en Brasil, para reclamar fundamentalmente más fondos para la investigación de enfermedades genéticas, y llegamos a fines de la década de 2010 con las negociaciones para una política nacional. La Resolución 199 es parte de un proceso en curso, en el que el camino hacia la promulgación y las complicaciones posteriores nos dan elementos para discutir aspectos actuales de la salud pública brasileña. Sobre la base de la historia del tiempo presente y los estudios sociales de la ciencia, argumentamos que hay dos aspectos que han sido fundamentales para crear una política nacional: enmarcar diferentes enfermedades en la terminología "enfermedades raras" y la construcción de una percepción pública sobre el derecho a la salud, que se garantiza en la Constitución brasileña de 1988.

ABSTRACT This study discusses actors and institution movements leading to the disclosure in 2014 of Resolution 199 by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which establishes the National Policy for the Comprehensive Care of Persons with Rare Diseases. Taking as sources the mainstream newspapers, drafts law, and secondary literature on the subject, we begin our analysis in the early 1990s when the first patient associations were created in Brazil - mainly for claiming more funds for research on genetic diseases - and arrive at the late 2010s when negotiations for a national policy are taking place in the National Congress. Resolution 199 is part of an ongoing process and the path towards its disclosure and the complications that followed have given us elements to discuss contemporary aspects of the Brazilian public health. Based on the references of the history of the present time and the social studies of science, we argue that two aspects have been fundamental to creating a national policy: framing different illnesses within the terminology "rare diseases" and the construction of a public perception about the right of health which is guaranteed by the 1988 Brazilian Constitution.

How a Vision Was Made to Come True.

A kidney transplant program was started at Innsbruck University Hospital in 1974. This was followed by the first liver transplant in 1977 and the first combined pancreas-kidney transplant in 1979. Because these 3 programs were quite successful, the idea was born to try to establish a unit that could provide temporary and permanent replacement for the loss of all kinds of organ function. In 1993, a special unit for transplant was opened. Dialysis was incorporated as part of available treatment right from the beginning. The new ward made it possible to routinely treat patients in need of bioartificial livers, to provide ventricular assist devices and later total artificial hearts, and to provide extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The first heart transplant was performed in 1983, the first heart-lung in 1985, the first double-lung in 1987, followed by the first multivisceral transplant in 1989, the first isolated bowel in 1994, and finally the first double-hand transplant was performed in 2000. Thus, our vision of such a unit has become true.

The Integrated Care Team Approach of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA): Geriatric Primary Care.

Historically, integrated mental and behavioral healthcare in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) commenced with initiatives in geriatrics. Innovation and system-wide expansion has occurred over decades and culminated in a unified vision for training and practice in the VA medical home model: Patient Aligned Care Team or PACT approach. In one VA hospital, the integration of neuropsychological services in geriatric primary care is pivotal and increases access for patients, as well as contributing to timely and effective care on an interprofessional team. The development and innovative use of an algorithm to identify problems with cognition, health literacy, and mental and behavioral health has been pragmatic and provides useful information for collaborative treatment planning in GeriPACT, VA geriatric primary care. Use of the algorithm also assists with decision-making regarding brief versus comprehensive neuropsychological assessment in the primary care setting. The model presented here was developed by supervising neuropsychologists as part of a postdoctoral residency program in geropsychology. However, postdoctoral residency programs in neuropsychology, as well as neuropsychological clinics, can also use this model to integrate neuropsychological assessment and interventions in geriatric primary care settings.

Integrating Health and Mental Health Services: A Past and Future History.

The authors trace the modern history, current landscape, and future prospects for integration between mental health and general medical care in the United States. Research and new treatment models developed in the 1980s and early 1990s helped inform federal legislation, including the 2008 Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act and the 2010 Affordable Care Act, which in turn are creating new opportunities to further integrate services. Future efforts should build on this foundation to develop clinical, service-level, and public health approaches that more fully integrate mental, medical, substance use, and social services. [AJP AT 175: Remembering Our Past As We Envision Our Future July 1928: A President Takes Stock Adolf Meyer: "I sometimes feel that Einstein, concerned with the relativity in astronomy, has to deal with very simple facts as compared to the complex and erratic and multicontingent performances of the human microcosmos, the health, happiness and efficiency of which we psychiatrists are concerned with." (Am J Psychiatry 1928; 85(1):1-31 )].

Teledermatology: A Review and Update.

Telemedicine is slowly transforming the way in which healthcare is delivered and has the potential to improve access to subspecialty expertise, reduce healthcare costs, and improve the overall quality of care. While many subspecialty fields within medicine today have either experimented with or begun to implement telemedicine platforms to enable remote consultation and care, dermatology is particularly suited for this care system as skin disorders are uniquely visible to the human eye. Through teledermatology, diagnostic images of skin disorders with accompanying clinical histories can be remotely reviewed by teledermatologists by any number of modalities, such as photographic clinical images or live video teleconferencing. Diagnoses and treatment recommendations can then be rendered and implemented remotely. The evidence to date supports both its diagnostic and treatment accuracy and its cost effectiveness. Administrative, regulatory, privacy, and reimbursement policies surrounding this dynamic field continue to evolve. In this review, we examine the history, evidence, and administrative landscape surrounding teledermatology and discuss current practice guidelines and ongoing controversies.

Habitantes de calle: entre el mito y la exclusión / Homeless people: between myth and exclusion

Al hablar del habitante de calle, resulta importante mencionar que es un fenómeno que ha tenido presencia milenaria, y que ha estado siempre permeado por las lógicas sociales de gobernanza, religión, cultura y economía. Han sido tan diversas las representaciones que se han tenido de esta población, que hoy inclusive sobreviven algunas de esas ideas que han hecho difícil su abordaje y comprensión. El objetivo de este texto es dar a conocer las reflexiones que han surgido de un ejercicio inicial de formación investigativa, en cuanto al fenómeno habitante de calle en Medellín. Para esta acción se revisaron algunos artículos sobre esta población, y se realizó una pequeña pasantía por el sistema de Atención al Habitante de Calle de Medellín, de donde surgieron algunas ideas referentes al concepto, historia y estrategias de intervención que se han implementado desde las diferentes administraciones para intentar dar solución a dicho fenómeno.

It is important to mention that homeless people is a phenomenon that has had a millennial presence, and that has always been permeated by the social logics of governance, religion, culture and economy. There had been so diverse representations about this population, that even today survive some of those ideas that have made it difficult to approach and understand them. The main objective of this text is to make known the reflections that have arisen from an initial exercise of investigative training, regarding that phenomenon of the homeless people in Medellin. Some articles on this specific population were reviewed, and a small internship was carried out by the Medellin homeless people Care System, emerging some ideas about the concept, history and intervention strategies that have been implemented since the different Governmental Administrations to try to solve this phenomenon.

The evolving role of the medical director of a dialysis facility.

The medical director has been a part of the fabric of Medicare's ESRD program since entitlement was extended under Section 299I of Public Law 92-603, passed on October 30, 1972, and implemented with the Conditions for Coverage that set out rules for administration and oversight of the care provided in the dialysis facility. The role of the medical director has progressively increased over time to effectively extend to the physicians serving in this role both the responsibility and accountability for the performance and reliability related to the care provided in the dialysis facility. This commentary provides context to the nature and expected competencies and behaviors of these medical director roles that remain central to the delivery of high-quality, safe, and efficient delivery of RRT, which has become much more intensive as the dialysis industry has matured.

75 years of neurosurgery at the University of Minnesota.

Neurosurgery began as a distinct discipline at the University of Minnesota in 1937 with the appointment of William Peyton as head of the division. Under the leadership of Peyton, Lyle French, and Shelley Chou, the Department rose to national prominence. Substantial contributions included the introduction of dexamethasone to the practice of neurosurgery by Galicich and French, early procedures for the transthoracic correction of spinal deformity, important contributions to the understanding of brain death, the early laboratory work that led to the development of nimodopine, one of the first intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging facilities in the United States (1996), and the training of many academic neurosurgeons and department chairmen. The challenges of managed care and more recent changes in the health care system have been met, and the Department is a thriving clinical, educational, and research center for 21st-century neurosurgery.

University Clinic of Toxicology--historical note and present work.

The University Clinic of Toxicology (UCT) in Skopje was founded as the Clinic for Toxicology and Emergency Internal Medicine on January 15th 1976. Today UCT has a modern building with office space of 1,300 m2 on 4 floors, 40 hospital beds and 72 employees including 18 doctors. UCT works in accordance with the public healthcare services in the Republic of Macedonia through the use of specialist/consultative and hospital healthcare for people over the age of 14 years. The Clinic also provides services in the field of emergency internal medicine, acute poisoning with medications, pesticides, corrosives, poisonous gases and mushrooms, heavy metals and other chemicals. The Clinic takes an active part in the detoxification programme for users of opiates and psychotropic substances, protocols for enteral and parenteral nutrition and guides for home treatment. Yearly there are more than 14,000 ambulance admissions, over 1,400 hospitalized patients, over 4,000 urgent EHO checks, more than 1,000 urgent upper endoscopies and over 700 other toxicological analyses and other interventions. The educational services and activities are realized through the chair for internal medicine. The Clinic offers undergraduate and graduate level education for medical students and dentists, for medical nurses, radiology technicians, speech therapists and physiotherapists. Over 300 papers and reports have been published to date by the medical staff at the UCT in the form of abstracts and integrated projects in the Republic of Macedonia and aboard. 8 doctorates have been successfully completed by employees from the Clinic as well as 4 master's theses and 1 in-depth project. UCT employees are the authors of some textbooks and monographs. UCT have undertaken some scientific projects. Employees from the Clinic of Toxicology are members taking an active part in many domestic and international associations.

University cardiology clinic.

In distant 1972, within framework of the Internal Clinic, a cardiologic department was organized which was soon, on 29.XII.1974, transformed into the Cardiology Clinic, later the Institute for Heart Diseases, and in 2008 was renamed the University Cardiology Clinic. The greater part of its foundation was possible owing to Prof. Dimitar Arsov and Prof. Radovan Percinkovski, who was the clinic's first director in the period from 1974 to 1984. In 1985, the Clinic moved into its own new building, and in that way was physically detached from the Internal Clinics. Until its move to the new building, the Clinic functioned in the Internal Clinics building, organized as an outpatient polyclinic and inpatient infirmary department with clinical beds, a coronary intensive care unit and a haemodynamics laboratory equipped with the most modern equipment of that time. Today the Clinic functions through two integral divisions: an inpatient infirmary department which comprises an intensive coronary care unit and fourteen wards which altogether have 139 clinical beds, and the diagnostic centre which comprises an emergency clinic and day hospital, a communal and consultative outpatients' clinic functioning on a daily basis, through which some 300-350 patients pass every day, and diagnostic laboratories with a capacity of nearly 100 non-invasive and 20-30 invasive diagnostic procedures daily. The Clinic is a teaching base, and its doctors are educators of students at the Medical, Dental and Pharmacy Faculties, and also of students at the High School for Nurses and X-ray technicians, but also for those in Internal Medicine and especially Cardiology. The Clinic is also a base for scientific Masters' and post-doctoral studies, and such higher degrees are achieved not only by doctors who work here, but also by doctors from Medical Centres both in the country and abroad. Doctors working in this institution publish widely, not only a great number of books and monographs, but also original scientific papers published in indexed medical journals.